3-D Printing, Soligen and Other Companies - 5712 Words

Question 1: Select 2-3 companies profiled in the case and discuss the formulation of their respective strategies for commercializing the TDP Technology The three companies we would further discuss are the Soligen, Specific Surface Corporation (SSC) and Z Corp. Sloigen: Soligen Technology Inc. was founded by Yehoramo Uziel, it was incorporated in Delaware in October 1991, and commenced operations in April 1992. Soligen is a metal casting industry which produces fully functional 3-Dimensional cast metal components. Typically the lengths of time to make castings are approximately 6-12month. However with Soligen’s unique technology known as DSPC (Direct Shell Production Casting) the length of production is reduced to weeks or even†¦show more content†¦Specific Surface Corporation was then able to provide customers with filters that efficiently removed particulates from dirty hot flue gas streams hence providing customers with greater power generation efficiency. As Parrish and Jeffery brainstormed the problems on the already existing filter industry they arrived with two major issued that were going on in the industry. They were, one people no longer wanted to cool down gases at the source. The other issue was that people wanted more compact filters, they wanted them smaller. However to get smaller filters one would have to get a larger surface area. Parrish went ahead to contact companies such as ABB and Westinghouse which used a lot of filters and were facing the similar problems. Parrish offered Jeffery the opportunity to join him and they pursued the opportunity together and licensed the technology created by Emmanuel Sachs and they worked on creating the smaller filters with larger surface areas. In early 1993 Mike Cima a professor of material science at MIT introduced Parrish to the 3DP process. Cima showed Parrish how he used it to make ceramics, Parrish then inquired if anyone was using this technology to make filters and Cima’s response was â€Å"No, why don’t you do it†. This was a distinct advantage for Specific Surface Corporation as at the time there were no companies involved in theShow MoreRelatedMit Case Analysis Essay1242 Words   |  5 PagesI. Current Situation: The development of the Three Dimensional Printing Process (3DP) at MIT by researchers – Emmanuel Sachs, John Haggerty, Michael Cima, and Paul Williams – that revolutionized various businesses with its technology. a. Mission – For MIT to advance knowledge and educate in science, technology, and other areas that will best serve the nation and the world. b. Goals – The development of 3DP for research and technology. c. Objectives – To make use of the new ideas, technologies

Childhood Obesity A Serious Medical Condition That...

Research Paper on Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is overweight and well over the normal weight for his or her age and height. Child obesity is an important issue because the extra weight can lead children down the wrong path to health problems, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes to name a few. Childhood obesity can cause children to become depressed and have poor self-esteem. Emotional issues such as depression and poor self-esteem are another cause of childhood obesity. Dramatic life events such as a death in the family can lead to over eating. Some children overeat as a way with coping with problems in their lives or dealing with emotions like stress or boredom (Mayo foundation). The number of obese children in America has increased dramatically over the years, and if we keep going the way we are, obesity in children will continue to grow. In order to reduce ch ildhood obesity we need to improve the diet and exercise habits of the entire family. There are many causes and temptations out there for childhood obesity. The main causes of childhood obesity are poor nutrition and little if any exercise. Fast-food corporations encourage children to eat unhealthy foods by giving away toys when they order a child’s meal. Children have an extraordinary ability to recall content from the commercials and advertisements for non-nutritious foods. ThisShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent adolescent obesity rates continue, predictions say by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding st yles and fast food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects childrenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents Essay1116 Words   |  5 Pagesquestion will identify the leading causes of childhood obesity in New Zealand. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents (Mayo Clinic, 2014). It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height (Mayo Clinic, 2014). This enquiry question will mainly focus on children who are obese in New Zealand. Through survey, The 2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey found that 1 in 9 children aged 2–14 years were obese (11%), in New ZealandRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pageshealth risks that children face today is not an atrocious disease like cancer nor is it learning or behavioral problems—it is obesity! The Mayo Clinic, a n onprofit organization committed to clinical practice, health education and research, defines child hood obesity as â€Å"a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents, that occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height† (Mayo). The Mayo Clinic goes on to say that childhood obesity is particularlyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An American Epidemic1263 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011 states that, â€Å"childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. In 2012, more than one- third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese†Read MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children Health1139 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Obesity on Children Health Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Childhood obesity has been problem in developed as well as in developing countries. As Cause, it is accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable to burn calorie. There is increasingRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreObesity The Problem Of Children!. Are You Aware Of1662 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity the problem of children! Are you aware of that over million American children are struggling with obesity? Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Being overweight an early age has been global problematic. As Cause, high number of obesity results from an abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable toRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Problem2903 Words   |  12 Pages(PROBLEM STATEMENT) Obesity does not exist among older people only. It can be seen among children and young adults. Childhood obesity is in fact â€Å"a medical condition that affects children and teenagers† (What is Childhood Obesity). Childhood obesity is a very serious problem that every single person throughout the world should know about and also aware of. However, some people might wonder and ask â€Å"what does overweight has to do with Childhood obesity?† According to the Childhood obesity foundation, itRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become staggering in the United States. Children are considered obese if they have thirty percent amount of body fat or more and is measured by body mass index (BMI). Body mass index conveys the correlation of body weight to height. If a child’s BMI is at or exceeding over the 95th percentile, meaning if their body mass index is greater than 95% of other children that are the s ame sex and age, they are obese. Doctor Jeffrey Levi, an executive director of the Trust for America’sRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Childhood Obesity In America. Childhood1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Epidemic Of Childhood Obesity In America Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that is affecting children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height and can result in serious medical conditions. The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased significantly over the past ten years. Childhood diabetes has been on the rise since the early 90’s and continues to rise. In the article, â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† David Zinczenko Childhood Obesity A Serious Medical Condition That... My enquiry question will identify the leading causes of childhood obesity in New Zealand. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents (Mayo Clinic, 2014). It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height (Mayo Clinic, 2014). This enquiry question will mainly focus on children who are obese in New Zealand. Through survey, The 2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey found that 1 in 9 children aged 2–14 years were obese (11%), in New Zealand (Ministry of Health, 2014). Childhood obesity arises because of the differences in health and lifestyle outcomes among different cultural people in New Zealand. The major causes which contribute are socio-economic inequality, access to and quality of health care, and health risk factors (Statistics New Zealand, n.d). The environments with lower than average neighbourhood availability of healthful foods and higher than average availability of fast food restaurants, may co ntribute higher calorie foods and beverages, which can be socially and culturally valued (Shiriki K. Kumanyika, 2007). By identifying the leading causes of childhood obesity in new, I will also be able to explore†¦.. Childhood obesity is a major public health crisis nationally and internationally (Sameera Amar, 2012). The purpose of this exploration is to address a number of aspects influencing obesity among children in New Zealand, there are variety of interventions and governmental actions thatShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents991 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent adolescent obesity rates continue, predictions say by 2035 there will be more than 100,000 additional cases of heart disease linked to obesity (Collins 1). Childhood obesity has become more of an epidemic over the last few years. Although there are debates of childhood obesity being a problem, several factors contribute to childhood obesity such as parental feeding styles and fast food, nonetheless, which can all be prevented. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects childrenRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents878 Words   |  4 Pages Research Paper on Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is overweight and well over the normal weight for his or her age and height. Child obesity is an important issue because the extra weight can lead children down the wrong path to health problems, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes to name a few. Childhood obesity can cause children to become depressed and have poor self-esteemRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Medical Condition That Affects Children And Adolescents Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pageshealth risks that children face today is not an atrocious disease like cancer nor is it learning or behavioral problems—it is obesity! The Mayo Clinic, a nonprofit organization committed to clinical practice, health education and research, defines child hood obesity as â€Å"a serious medical condition that affects children and adolescents, that occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height† (Mayo). The Mayo Clinic goes on to say that childhood obesity is particularlyRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An American Epidemic1263 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011 states that, â€Å"childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. In 2012, more than one- third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese†Read MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children Health1139 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Obesity on Children Health Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Childhood obesity has been problem in developed as well as in developing countries. As Cause, it is accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable to burn calorie. There is increasingRead MoreChildhood Obesity : Obesity And Obesity1505 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity Introduction Childhood Obesity has become more critical public health issue worldwide. However, obesity ratio varies from country to country. In addition, up to a quarter of Australian children are suffering from childhood obesity and obese children are at higher risk to become obese adult. For this reason, child’s weight always matters because it can impact on their health in future. There may be many reasons which affect childhood obesity including sedentary life style, lack ofRead MoreObesity The Problem Of Children!. Are You Aware Of1662 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity the problem of children! Are you aware of that over million American children are struggling with obesity? Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Being overweight an early age has been global problematic. As Cause, high number of obesity results from an abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable toRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Serious Problem2903 Words   |  12 Pages(PROBLEM STATEMENT) Obesity does not exist among older people only. It can be seen among children and young adults. Childhood obesity is in fact â€Å"a medical condition that affects children and teenagers† (What is Childhood Obesity). Childhood obesity is a very serious problem that every single person throughout the world should know about and also aware of. However, some people might wonder and ask â€Å"what does overweight has to do with Childhood obesity?† According to the Childhood obesity foundation, itRead MoreObesity And Obesity Related Diseases Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity has become staggering in the United States. Children are considered obese if they have thirty percent amount of body fat or more and is measured by body mass index (BMI). Body mass index conveys the correlation of body weight to height. If a child’s BMI is at or exceeding over the 95th percentile, meaning if their body mass index is greater than 95% of other children that are the s ame sex and age, they are obese. Doctor Jeffrey Levi, an executive director of the Trust for America’sRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Childhood Obesity In America. Childhood1080 Words   |  5 PagesThe Epidemic Of Childhood Obesity In America Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that is affecting children and adolescents. It occurs when a child is well above the normal weight for his or her age and height and can result in serious medical conditions. The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased significantly over the past ten years. Childhood diabetes has been on the rise since the early 90’s and continues to rise. In the article, â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater† David Zinczenko

Management Principles Market Entry Strategies Report Free Essays

string(42) " or other business topics \(Lane, 2006\)\." Executive Summary This report has been written to seek to explore the management principles, which may be applied by businesses when they seek to enter new international markets. The report shall be split into three parts, which will focus on different elements of this. Firstly, the various market entry strategies, which are available to firms who are intending to become international businesses, shall be briefly described. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Principles: Market Entry Strategies Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Secondly, three market entry strategies shall be discussed (including their definitions, the basic decisions required to implement these and the positive or negative aspects of each of these strategies). Finally, an analysis of a market entry strategy, which has been used by IBM to move their business into China from the United States (U.S.) shall be analysed and discussed. Then a number of conclusions shall be drawn in relation to market entry strategies and how they have been utilised by firms to date. 1. Introduction This report has been written to seek to explore the management principles, which may be applied by businesses when they seek to enter new international markets. The report shall be split into three parts, which will focus on different elements of this. Firstly, the various market entry strategies, which are available to firms who are intending to become international, shall be briefly described. Secondly, three market entry strategies shall be discussed (including their definitions, the basic decisions required to implement these and the positive or negative aspects of each of these strategies). Finally, an analysis of a market entry strategy, which has been used by IBM to move their business into China from the United States shall be analysed and discussed. The first of these topics shall now be briefly discussed. 2. Market entry strategies available for a firm intending to become international. When an organisation has made a decision to enter an overseas market, there is a variety of options open to it (Meyers et al. 2009). These options will be varied depending upon the cost, risk or the degree of control, which can be exercised over them (McDonald, Burton and Dowling, 2002). However, the easiest way which a firm may enter a new market is by using a form of entry strategy derived from exporting (Morsink, 1998). This may be implemented by using either a direct or indirect method such as, an agent or countertrade (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Swoboda, 2010). However, there are more complex ways through which firms may seek to enter new international markets (Porter, 1980) these may be derived from the undertaking of joint ventures, or export processing zones (Roberts and Hite, 2007). Cunningham (1986) identified five strategies, which have been used by firms when they are seeking to enter foreign markets, these are: Technical innovation strategy. This is when a firm seeks to create an image so that they are perceived to have superior products. Product adaptation strategy – This is when a business modifies an existing product. Availability and security strategy – This is when a firm seek to overcome transport risks by countering perceived risks. Low price strategy – This is when a firm use a low price to penetrate the new market. Total adaptation and conformity strategy – This is when a firm use a foreign producer to manufacture their products (Cunningham, 1986: 9). Therefore, from the above, we can ascertain that there are a number of market entry strategies, which may be used by firms to seek to enter new international markets. In the next section of this report, three of these shall now be discussed in more detail. 3. Three market entry strategies, which firms may use to become international businesses There are three main entry strategies, which may be used by firms to enter international markets. These are direct, indirect or foreign based (Dunning, 1985).Each of these has a number of advantages and disadvantages. For example, a direct strategy involves the sharing of risk and knows, may be only means of entry into an international market or may be source of supply for third country (Dunning, 1985). Each of these is advantageous and may be implemented through an agent, distributor, government or an overseas subsidiary. However, the disadvantages associated with this approach are that partners may not have full control or management within a company, it may be impossible to recover capital, there could be disagreements between purchasers or third parties or partners may have different views on the exported benefits of the goods or services in question (Ferrell and Hartline, 2008). In comparison, indirect approaches involve trading companies, export management companies, piggy backing or countertrading (Glowik and Smyczek, 2011). Furthermore, foreign based market entry strategies enable companies to set up their operations in other countries. So there are a variety of ways in which organisations can enter foreign markets.Three of these methods shall now be outlined in more detail. The first of these is the use of export processing zones. This is often defined as a zone within a country, exempt from tax and duties, for the processing or reprocessing of goods for export (Croft, 1994). This is a foreign market entry strategy, which is derived from the use of licensing, joint venture, contract manufacture or ownership (Griffin, 2008). In order to determine if this is the best approach, a firm will need to ascertain if there is a demand for their product, they will need to identify potential partners and they will need to ascertain if their earnings will be advantageous from adopting this market entry strategy. The advantages of using this approach are that the host country obtains know how, there is capital, technology or employment opportunities created within the country in question, there could be foreign exchange earnings and this helps foreign internationalization is enabled more easily (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and MacPherson, 2009). However, the disadva ntages of this approach are that partners do not have full control or management of their business, it may be impossible to recover capital, there could disagreements between parties as they may have different views on exported benefits or other business topics (Lane, 2006). You read "Management Principles: Market Entry Strategies Report" in category "Essay examples" The second approach, which may be used to enter a foreign market, is often based on bartering. Bartering is defined as the direct exchange of one good for another (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). In order to determine if this is the best approach, a firm will need to ascertain if there is a demand for their product, they will need to identify potential partners with whom they may barter goods and they will need to ascertain if their earnings will be advantageous from adopting this market entry strategy (Schultz, Robinson and Petrison, 1998). The disadvantages of this approach are that it may involve short-term investments, capital or employment movements, transaction costs and benefits, the business is not part of economy so it may be aliened, laws may be different or create more bureaucracy (Smith, 2011). However, they are simple to administer, there is no currency and they are commodity based valuation or currency based valuation, so there are also a number of advantages to adopti ng this approach. The third method, which may be used by firms to enter a foreign market, is referred to as countertrade (Williamson, 1975). Countertrade is when a customer agrees to buy goods on condition that the seller buys some of the customer’s own products in return (Kotler and Armstrong, 2008). In order to determine if this is the best approach, a firm will need to ascertain if there is a demand for their product or a demand for their partners, they will need to identify potential partners from which they make purchases and they will need to ascertain if their earnings will be advantageous from adopting this market entry strategy (Williamson, 1985). The advantages of this are that it is a method of obtaining sales by retaining a seller and it is an effective method of breaking into a closed market. However, the disadvantages are that there may be usage differences or variety differences between products and locations, it is difficult to set a market price and there may be inconsistenc ies in the delivery and specification of the product or service quality (Glowik and Smyczek, 2011). Each of these three market entry strategies may be employed by companies who wish to enter foreign markets. However, what has been interesting is the recent shift in companies moving to China (Hira and Hira, 2008). This shall be discussed using IBM as an example (Highbeam.com, 2005). 4. Analysis of the market entry strategy of IBM to move their business into China from the United States. In recent years, according to Hira and Hira (2008), a number of multi-national companies, which have been based in the United States, have started to move their operations to China. This is sometimes referred to as off shoring. Off shoring is when companies seek to move parts of their operations to other countries. One example of this is the U.S. company named IBM, which is moving their business China. In this scenario, the market entry strategy, which is being adopted by IBM, is based on knowledge transfer and a foreign market entry strategy (Glowik and Smyczek, 2011). Additionally, IBM is adopting a total adaptation and conformity strategy as they are using a foreign producer to manufacture their products (Cunningham, 1986). This is a big move for IBM, which is a multinational technology and consulting corporation with headquarters based in Armonk, New York in the U.S. They produce and market computers, to both businesses and domestic consumers. The manufacture and develop b oth hardware and software, and provides infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas covering many divisions from mainframe computers to nanotechnology (Shelly, 2010). Originally IBM had twenty-five 25 research and development (RD) centers in the US, Europe and Asia. However recently it has decided to establish two major research and development centres in Beijing and Shanghai of China. This move has been undertaken to seek to take advantage of the emerging markets and economies in China and to encourage the technology development in an open standard and open source code (hHghbeam.com, 2005).This has brought a number of advantages to IBM due to the low labour costs, the high technological centres which already exist in China and a general reduction in their overheads due to the lower operating costs (Thomson and Sigurdson, 2007). Therefore, this move has been advantageous to them in a number of ways. However, they have also been able to take advantage of entering this new market as their products and services are now being utilized in China too (Engardio, Roberts and Bremner, 2004). To this end, this move has been good for IBM. However, one must also consider that there may be a number of disadvantages for this company in the future such as, the company may not attain full control or management of their business or it may be impossible to recover capital should these new investments in China fail (Lane, 2006). However, to date IBM seems to be reaping the benefits of this move, only time will tell if this has been beneficial overall. 5. Conclusions From the above, we can ascertain that there are a number of market entry strategies, which may be used by firms to seek to enter new international markets. Each of these has a number of positive or negative aspects which must be considered carefully by businesses before they enter new markets as is shown by IBM who have moved their business into China from the United States. References Croft, M. J. (1994), Market segmentation: a step-by-step guide to profitable new business, New York: Routledge. Cunningham, M.T. (1986) â€Å"Strategies for International Industrial Marketing†. In D.W. Turnbull and J.P. Valla (eds.) Croom Helm 1986, Davidson, W. (1982). Global strategic management. New York. Wiley. Dunning, J. H. (1985). Multinational enterprises, economic structure, and international competitiveness. New York. Wiley Engardio, P., Roberts, D. and Bremner, B. (2004) ‘The China Price’, Business Week, 3911, pp. 102. Ferrell, O. C. Hartline, M. D. (2008), Marketing Strategy, Mason: Thomson Higher Education. Glowik, M. Smyczek, S. (2011), International Marketing Management: Strategies, Concepts and Cases in Europe. Germany: Oldenbourg Wissenschafts Verlag GmbH. Griffin, R. W. (2008), Management. 9th edition, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. Gwartney, J. D., Stroup, R. L., Sobel, R. S. MacPherson, D. (2009), Economics: Private and Public Choice. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Highbeam.com (2005). IBM to Set Up 4 RD Centers in China. [online]: http://business.highbeam.com/436093/article-1G1-129005819/ibm-set-up-4-rd-centers-china Accessed on 08/08/2013 Hira, R. Hira, A. (2008), Outsourcing America: the true cost of shipping jobs overseas and what can be done about it. New York: AMACOM books. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2008), Principles of marketing, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Lane, H. W. (2006), International Management Behavior, Fifth Edition, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. McDonald, F., Burton, F. Dowling, P. (2002). International business. Cincinnati: South Western College Publishers. Meyer, K. E., Estrin, S., Bhaumik, S. K., Peng, M. W. (2009). Institutions, resources, and entry strategies in emerging economies. Strategic management journal, 30(1), 61-80. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H., Swoboda, B. (2010). Decades of research on market entry modes: what do we really know about external antecedents of entry mode choice?. Journal of International Management, 16(1), 60-77. Morsink, R. L. A. (1998), Foreign direct investment and corporate networking: a framework for spatial analysis of investment conditions. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Porter, M. E. (1980), Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitor, New York: Free Press Roberts, J. T. Hite, A. (2007), The globalization and development reader: perspectives on development and social change. London: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Schultz, D. E., Robinson, W. A. Petrison, L. (1998) Sales promotion essentials: the 10 basic sales promotion techniques — and how to use them. New York: McGraw – Hill. Inc. Shelly, G. B. (2010). Discovering Computers 2010: Living in a Digital World, Complete. Boston, MA: Course Technology Cengage Learning. Smith, T. J. (2011), Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts Establishing Price Structure. Natorp boulevard: South – Western Cengage learning. Thomson, E. Sigurdson, J. (2007), China’s science and technology sector and the forces of globalization. London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies – analysis and antitrust implications. New York: The Free Press Williamson, O. E. 1985. The economic institutions of capitalism: firms, markets, relational contracting. New York: The Free Press How to cite Management Principles: Market Entry Strategies Report, Essay examples

Risk and Return in Financial Statements-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Discuss about the Risk and Return in Financial Statements. 2.Discuss about the Risk and Returns in Investment Decisions. Answers: Introduction An accountant is a very important part of every business organization whether small or big. An accountants primary duty is to compile every financial transaction and present them in a concise manner which allows the stakeholders to understand the effect of financial transactions and they're after effects (Porter Norton, 2014). In case the accountant is fully capable of understanding financial transactions and its effects, an organization shall never be left deprived of financial viability. However, an accountant should be technically sound and updated of the accounting updates and accounting standards applicable for the organization (Bodie et. al, 2014). An auditors role is half done if the accounting has been properly done and documented. In case the internal controls of the company are sound and properly placed, the auditor can rely on the internal controls also. 1.Risk and Return in Financial Statements The accountant should properly understand the risk involved in the business and the effects of the nonidentification of risk. We would like to explain the above point with an example: ABC Limited is a bank operating in Australia having thousands of customers having deposits, investments and loans disbursed simultaneously. The risk involved in the accounting of a bank is as follows: Confidential data of clients like KYC details, bank details, and their credit profile- in case these details are compromised, the bank may land up in a big problem. The risk of loans becoming irrecoverable due to non understanding of credit profile of a person at the time of granting loans. Dependency on IT infrastructure and database responsible for storing customers and its failure. An accountant has to fully understand the risk involved in any business and properly place or recommend internal controls for detection and prevention of the risk involved. An accountant should properly get training and increase his skills to understand and make an attempt to minimize man-made errors or risk (Deegan, 2011). For example thorough understanding of the accounting principles and the accounting standards, understanding of the IT software and infrastructure etc. 2.Risk and Returns in Investment Decisions In case the accountant feels that the investment decisions made by the management are not financially viable, he may recommend some changes in the investment plans. This is only possible if the accountant has a profound knowledge about the risk and returns of investment decisions he should explore all possible and available investment options in the market (Davies Crawford, 2012). He should also measure the opportunity cost involved with every investment option and should try to increase the return with minimum risk with a long-term investment vision as well. He can also use analytical skills and formula like ratio analysis, percentage calculations, last year trends, investment credit ratings and past profile of the investment options and only after this analysis, we should consider and recommend the investment to the top management through his reports (Graham Smart, 2012). The ultimate goal of the investment decisions is to maximize return at minimum possible risk. All this can be accomplished by an accountant when he has proper knowledge about the market returns and the risk factors included therein. Hence, the learning of risk and return is very vital for an accountant if he wants to fulfill his duties and responsibilities most efficiently. For example, there are four investment options available in the market namely : Investment in equity shares having low return with higher risk attached. Investment in preference shares- less return with less risk. Investment in debentures- medium return with less risk. Investment in Bank Deposits- moderate return with least risk. Now, the accountant should understand the concept of risk and return in these investments and further the investment needs of the company on whether and in which segment the company needs to invest and how much risk the company is able to bear. On the basis of the assessment made, an accountant should make the investment with available resources and should make his investment decision (Berk et. al, 2015). He may use the formula for lowest cost of capital and then accordingly invest in the market. In case the company is well placed in the market and wants to take ownership in any company or subsidiary, it may directly purchase or invest in their equity share capital which shall give them ownership but on the other hand, it may be a riskier option as well. On the other hand in case the company does not want to take any risk it may invest in any companys debentures or preference shares which ensure moderate returns but a safer option on the whole. Hence, it depends upon the risk-bearing capacity of the company (Petty et. al, 2012). Of all the options above the least risky option are bank deposits. Another example can be taken for the investments in shares of different companies. If a company generally invests in shares of other companies like construction companies, banking companies etc, it is very important that the credit rating of such companies should be checked first (Arnold, 2010). Also, the price trends of the company should be analyzed before investing to avoid probable losses. These recommendations can be given by an accountant only if he has known about the risks and returns associated with such investments Conclusion Hence, the learning about risk and returns is very important for an accountant if he wants to fulfill his job commitments and his job responsibilities. If we talk about the returns, the accountant is supposed to go through the incomes earned and the sources of income and also the expenses incurred during the compilation and summarizing of accounts. This is to be done so that the discrepancies can be found out in comparison to the projections made by the company in the previous year for the expected returns to the company. The perspective of returns is different for different kinds of companies. For example, the returns can be either in the form of dividends or the retained earnings. The accountant can assess the risks and returns in financial statements when he has proper accounting knowledge and about the different risks and returns. References Arnold, G 2010, The Financial Times Guide to Investing, Prentice Hall. Berk, J, DeMarzo, P Stangeland, D 2015, Corporate Finance, Canadian Toronto: Pearson Canada. Bodie, Z, Kane, A. Marcus, A. J 2014, Investments, McGraw Hill Davies, T Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill Graham, J Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Petty, J. W, Titman, S., Keown, A. J., Martin, J. D., Burrow, M Nguyen, H 2012, Financial Management: Principles and Applications, 6th ed., Australia: Pearson Education Australia Porter, G Norton, C 2014, Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Maker, Texas: Cengage Learnin